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          C++Primer第10章:泛型算法(1)
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        <h1 id="C-泛型算法"><a href="#C-泛型算法" class="headerlink" title="C++泛型算法"></a>C++泛型算法</h1><p>C++的STL提供了很多算法，这些算法定义在不同的头文件中，大多数都在&lt;algorithm&gt;与&lt;numeric&gt;头文件中，算法不会操作容器，并且迭代器让算法不依赖于容器元素类型，所以只需要一个迭代器来访问容器，算法依赖元素类型的操作。算法不会执行容器的操作，即算法可能改变容器的元素值，移动容器中的元素，但是不会添加或者删除元素。</p>
<p>大多数算法遍历输入范围的方式相似，但是它们使用范围中的元素方式不用，理解算法的基本方法即操作元素的方式。</p>
<h3 id="只读算法"><a href="#只读算法" class="headerlink" title="只读算法"></a>只读算法</h3><p>只读取，不改变，例如std::find()，另外一个是accumulate()，定义在头文件numeric中，接受3个参数，前两个参数指定求和元素范围，第三个参数指定和的初始值。例如：</p>
<p><code>int sum=accumulate(vec.begin(),vec.end(),0);</code></p>
<p>由于string定义了+运算符，当然string类型也可以用此函数如：</p>
<p><code>string sum=accumulate(vec.cbegin(),vec.cend(),string(&quot;&quot;));</code>此操作将一个空串，且将vec中每一个sring元素连接成一个字符串。使用此函数，序列中的元素类型必须与第三个参数匹配，或者能转换为第三个参数的类型。</p>
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<h4 id="操作序列算法"><a href="#操作序列算法" class="headerlink" title="操作序列算法"></a>操作序列算法</h4><p>std::equal()是用来判断两个序列是否保存相同的值。两个容器对应元素一一相比较，所有元素相等则返回true，反之返回false。接受三个参数迭代器，前两个第一个序列的范围，最后一个表示第二个序列的首元素。</p>
<p>equal利用迭代器完成操作，元素类型可以不同，只需要能用==来比较两个元素类型即可。使用此函数时，必须保证第二个序列比第一个序列长或相同。</p>
<h3 id="写容器元素算法"><a href="#写容器元素算法" class="headerlink" title="写容器元素算法"></a>写容器元素算法</h3><p>如std::fill()函数，函数有3个参数，分别为容器范围和设置值。</p>
<p>还有fill_n()函数，指定从容器的一个位置，向下写入的多少顺序，写入值分别对应3个参数。同样的，要保证容器容量足够大。</p>
<p>保证算法有足够元素空间来容纳输出数据的方法是使用插入迭代器。</p>
<p>插入迭代器即back_inserter定义在头文件iterator中，每次向容器末尾添加元素。</p>
<h4 id="拷贝算法"><a href="#拷贝算法" class="headerlink" title="拷贝算法"></a>拷贝算法</h4><p>即copy函数，同样三个参数，前两个表示范围，第三个表示目的序列的起始位置。</p>
<p>replace函数读入一个序列，并将给定元素的值替换成所需要的值。</p>

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